2. Particles (JYOSHI)

Making yourself understood in Japanese can be pretty difficult. The proper way of using particles (JYOSHI) helps a lot.
However, there are a lot of basic particles. Which particle you should use often depends on the verbs.
But please study the basic structure of Japanese sentense before you study particles.

Basic structure of Japanese sentences:

SUBJECT	+	MODIFIERS	+	PREDICATE (VERB)	Translation
Watashi wa		ringo wo		tabeta	I ate an apple.
Otouto wa		toshokan ni		itta	My brother went to a library.

PREDICATE (VERB) SUBJECT	+	PREDICATE (VERB) MODIFIERS	+	PREDICATE (NOUN)	Translation
Watashi wa		Tokyo daigaku no		gakusei desu.	I am a student of Tokyo University.
Chichi wa				isha desu	My father is a docter.

SUBJECT	+	MODIFIERS	+	PREDICATE (ADJECTIVE)	Translation
Kyou wa		hontou ni		atsui desu ne	It's hot today, isn't it ?
[Omitted]		sore wo kiite		ureshii yo	[I] am very happy to hear that.

Basic particles

at	TIME	ni	3-ji ni denwa shite kudasai. Please call [me] at 3 o'clock.
	PLACE	de	Gakkou de Eigo wo benkyou shite imasu. [I] study English at school.
by	TIME	made ni	5-ji made ni kaerinasai. Come home by 5 o'clock !
	PERSON1	ni yotte	Kono e wa Pikaso ni yotte kakareta mono desu. This picture was painted by Picasso.
	PERSON2	ni	Sensei ni okorareta. [I] was scolded by a teacher.
from	TIME	kara	Gakkou wa nanji kara desu ka [?] From what time does [your] school start ?
	PERSON	kara	Sono yubiwa dare kara moratta no [?] From who did [you] get the ring ?
in	TIME	ni	8-gatsu ni Amerika ni ikimasu. [I] will go to the US in August.
	PLACE	de	Otouto wa kouen de asonde iru. My brother is playing in the park.
to	TIME	made	Asa no 9-ji kara 5-ji han made office ni imasu. [I] will be in [my] office from 9 in the morning to 5 thirty.
	PERSON	he/ni	Sensei ni tegami wo kaita. [I] wrote a letter to my teacher.
	PLACE1	he/ni	Tokyo he ikitai no desu ga ... [I] would like to go to Tokyo ...
	PLACE2	made	Tokyo made ikura desu ka [?] How much does [it] cost to Tokyo ?
OTHERS		wa	Watashi wa Nihongo wo benkyou shite imasu. I [topic-marker] study Japanese.
		ga	Dare ga itta no desu ka [?] Who [emphasis on topic] said that ?
			Otouto ga kaette kita. My brother [emphasis on topic] came home.
		wo	hon wo katta. [I] bought a book [subject marker]. Malaysia de durian wo tabeta koto ga aru. [I] have eaten durian [subject marker] in Malaysia.
		no	Eigo no hon wo katta. [I] bought an English [modifier] book.
			Boku no hon ni sawaruna yo. Don't touch my [modifier] book !
			Kouen no sakura ga kirei da. The cherry blossom in the park is very beautiful.

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