3. Verbs (DOUSHI)

Doushi (Hiragana version)
Japanese verbs have many conjugated forms. There are quite some rules of the conjugation.
Even for Japanese this is very difficult....

Basic conjugation of Japanese verbs

"A I U E O" conjugation (5dan verbs). Rule: drop the final "u" and add what is in the columns... (execpt for the PAST TENSE)

Base U	Negative A + NAI	Formal Basic I + MASU	When U + TOKI	If E + BA	Order E	Let's OU!	PAST TENSE **TA/DA	ENGLISH
vowel:	.a~	.i~	.u ~	.e~	.e	.o~	DIFFERS	to ...
asob u	a nai	i masu	u toki	e ba	e	ou!	aso n da	play
kak u	a nai	i masu	u toki	e ba	e	ou!	ka i ta	write/drow
yar u	a nai	i masu	u toki	e ba	e	ou!	ya t ta	do
yom u	a nai	i masu	u toki	e ba	e	ou!	yo n da	read
wara u	*wa (not a) nai	i masu	u toki	e ba	e	ou!	wara t ta	smile
Other "AIUEO" Conjugation		hiraku - open, toru - take, hanasu - speak, tobu - fly/jump, tomaru - stop (intr), etc.

How to conjugate PAST TENSE:

The end letter of the BASE WORD	PAST TENSE	EXAMPLE
U,TU,RU	U --> t + ta	au (meet) --> atta tatsu (stand) --> tatta taru (do) --> yatta
KU	KU --> i + ta	kaku (write) --> kaita
SU	SU --> shi + ta	kakusu (hide) --> kakushita
NU,MU,BU	NU -->n + da	shinu (die) --> shinda nomu (drink)--> nonda asobu (play) --> asonda
masu	mashita	au --> ai mashita, kaku --> kaki mashita kakusu --> kakushi mashita, shinda --> shini mashita

"1 dan" conjugation. Rule: drop the final "ru" and add what is in the columns... (very easy, this one)

Base ru	Negative NAI	Formal Basic MASU	When xU + TOKI	If xE + BA	Order xO	Let's YOU!	PAST TENSE	ENGLISH + TA
mi ru	nai	masu	ru toki	re ba	ro	y ou!	ta	look/see
tabe ru	nai	masu	ru toki	re ba	ro	y ou!	ta	eat
ne ru	nai	masu	ru toki	re ba	ro	y ou!	ta	sleep
Other "1 dan" Conjugation		tomeru - stop (trans.), iru - stay, nageru - throw, deru - go out of.., etc

"SA" conjugation

Base U+RU	Negative I+NAI	Formal Basic I+MASU	When URU + TOKI	If URE + BA	Order IRO	Let's I+YOU!	PAST TENSE	ENGLISH
s uru	i nai	i masu	uru toki	ure ba	i ro	i you!	shita	do
Other "SA" Conjugation		Benkyou suru (study), Gaishutsu suru (go out), Denwa suru (make a phone call), etc

*"KA" conjugation

Base U+RU	Negative O+NAI	Formal Basic I+MASU	When URU + TOKI	If URE + BA	Order OI	Let's --	PAST TENSE	ENGLISH
k uru	o nai	i masu	uru toki	ure ba	oi		kita	come

Negative PAST TENSE

POSITIVE	NEGATIVE PRESENT	NEGATIVE PAST	EXAMPLE
--	nai	nakatta	asoba nakatta - I didn't play.
masu	masen	masen desita	nemasen desita - I didn't sleep.

How to distinguish "1dan" conjugated verbs from "A I U E O" ones?

	taberu, okiru, nomu, hanasu,kangaeru, uru, miru, oku, tukuru	WHICH ONE?
..e or ..i	taberu, okiru, kangaeru, miru	1 dan conjugation
..A or ..U or ..O	nomu, hanasu, uru, oku, tukuru	AIUEO conjugation
EXCEPTION ..E or ..I	kiru - cut, hashiru - run, shiru - know, kaeru - go home, hairu - enter, heru - decrease, ...etc	AIUEO conjugation

There are more conjugated forms. And there are some exception forms.
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